BW鑽刀碳纖維與玻璃纖維材質加工測試

BW公司開發新型四刃鑽鉸孔刀具，針對碳纖維，玻璃纖維與石墨纖維複合材料加工，因特殊刀具材料與切削排屑方式，改善刀具在切割複合材料，能使刀具穩定切割無毛邊現象，排屑方式能產生顆粒粉末狀。

 

Cutter selection Part-1

Cutter selection

Only correct type and cutting edge may do a good job for milling work. Popular end mills include flat cutter, side cutter, face milling cutter, milling cutter, end mill, sawing, and milling cutter. Its characteristics is that many teeth and flutes on one milling cutter, some end mills with only two or three teeth; some cutters are with considerable numbers of teeth. Hence end mill is called as multi-teeth cutters.

There are many types of cutters and a variety of classification methods as below:

Classify by material：

1. High-speed steel cutters:for general purposes, the most widely used.
2. Carbide cutter:for high speed cutting.
3. Non-ferrous metal casting alloy cutter:suitable for heavy cutting.

Classify by the way of grinding wheel:

1. Contour cutter.
2. Type cutter.

Classify by tool installation:

1. Spindle cutter device:set cutter by use of the tool axis, which with a hole in the center of milling cutter, and used in horizontal milling machine.
2. Shank type milling cutter:cutter body with straight shank or taper shank, it needs to be fixed by a chuck or socket for installation.
3. Face Mills:This cutter is with a short cutter shaft, it needs to be settled by cutter shaft device then set on the spindle of milling machine directly for installation.

Classify by cutter structure:

1. Overall cutter:body and cutting edge made by the same material as a whole, generally adopt high-speed steel.
2. Brazed cutter:cutting blade made with carbide, the body is high carbon steel, combined by brazed joint.
3. Welding blade cutter: cutting blade made with high carbon steel or tool steel, high-speed steel, ontology Ministry both to weld joints.
4. Inlay cutter:blade screwed on the body, you can remove it to grind or replace, mostly used in face milling cutter of big diameter.

The next article will introduce cutters classified by the appearances and applications, so stay tuned!

article reference – Vocational Training Council

Bewise Inc., being a professional manufacturer of various cutting tools, is endeavoring to make excellent products. We are very experienced in custom-made tools, and good at solving customers’ problems when they meet difficulties and troubles. Through everlasting research and practices, we understand thoroughly about different materials of cutters and cutting tools.

 

BW’s popular products for tool series including circular saw, carbide cutting tool, saw blade, wood saw blade, special tool,side milling cutter, …etc; For machines we have spiral tube cooler, cutter grinder, and the latest design and advanced powder forming machine / pelletizer. Bewise is a superior manufacturer and supplier of cutter production and machinery industry.

 

Sharp Top Single Flute Drilling Cutter

1. Product name：Sharp Top Single Flute Drilling Cutter
2. Characteristics：Specialized in working some materials like acrylic, plastic, and related ones. And work custom order according to special request. Single flute may speed the working period and shorten the time.

Bewise Inc., being a professional manufacturer of various cutting tools, is endeavoring to make excellent products. We are very experienced in custom-made tools, and good at solving customers’ problems when they meet difficulties and troubles. Through everlasting research and practices, we understand thoroughly about different materials of cutters and cutting tools.

 

BW’s popular products for tool series including circular saw, carbide cutting tool, saw blade, wood saw blade, special tool,side milling cutter, …etc; For machines we have spiral tube cooler, cutter grinder, and the latest design and advanced powder forming machine / pelletizer. Bewise is a superior manufacturer and supplier of cutter production and machinery industry.

 

鎢鋼材質刀具適性與特性

燒結碳化物(碳化鎢、鎢鋼)有兩等級

一為純碳化物類及抗陷穴類。純碳化物只包含碳化物和鈷，強度及耐磨特性最好，任何其他物質加入均將減少其強度及耐磨性，通常用來切削鑄鐵及非鐵金屬材料。但純碳化物不耐高溫，在高熱下鋼屑易沾黏在刀面上，使刀面因擴散作用形成凹陷。而加入碳化鉭及碳化鈦之碳化物，因這兩成分熔點高於碳化鎢，故抗高溫性也相對提高，相對的強度及耐磨特性較純碳化物低。

鎢鋼材質特性:

ISO 分類	等級	使用 情形	洛氏硬度	抗折力	成分
			HRA	(kg/mm2)	鎢W	鈷Co	鈦Ti	鉭Ta	碳C
P	P01	韌性↓大 大↑耐磨耗性	91.5↑	70↑	30-78	4-8	10-40	0-25	7-3
	P10		91↑	90↑	50-80	4-9	8-20	0-20	7-10
	P20		90↑	110↑	60-83	5-10	5-15	0-15	6-9
	P30		89↑	130↑	70-84	6-12	3-12	0-12	6-8
	P40		88↑	150↑	65-85	7-15	2-10	0-10	6-8
	P50		87↑	170↑	60-83	9-20	2-8	0-8	5-7
M	M10	韌性↓大 大↑耐磨耗性	91↑	100↑	70-86	4-9	3-11	0-11	6-8
	M20		90↑	110↑	70-86	5-11	2-10	0-10	5-8
	M30		89↑	130↑	70-86	6-13	2-9	0-9	5-8
	M40		87↑	160↑	65-85	8-20	1-7	0-7	5-7
K	K01	韌性↓大 大↑耐磨耗性	91.5↑	100↑	83-91	3-6	0-2	0-3	5-7
	K10		90.5↑	120↑	84-90	4-7	0-1	0-2	5-6
	K20		89↑	140↑	83-89	5-8	0-1	0-2	5-6
	K30		88↑	150↑	81-88	6-11	0-1	0-2	5-6
	K40		87↑	160↑	79-87	7-16	—	—	5-6

鎢鋼材質刀具適性:

ISO 分類	等級	工件材料	切削方式	加工條件
P	P01	鋼、鑄鋼	精密車削、精密搪削	適用高速鋼切削而進刀量小時，或要求工件的尺寸精度和表面加工成度良好，並在沒有振動狀態下之加工。
	P10	鋼、鑄鋼	車削、靠模切削、螺紋切削、銑削	高~中速切削，小~中切削面積，中進刀量，或良好的加工條件下切削。
	P20	鋼、鑄鋼、可鍛鑄鐵(長切屑)	車削、靠模切削、銑削、刨削	中速切削，中進刀量，在P系列中用途最廣泛。刨削時進刀量要小，銑削時要有良好的加工條件。
	P30	鋼、鑄鋼、可鍛鑄鐵(長切屑)	車削、銑削、刨削	低~中速切削，中~大進刀量，或工件表面硬度粗細不均，進刀量有變化及振動時的不良加工條件。
	P40	鋼 有砂孔等之鑄鐵	車削、刨削	低速切削，大進刀量，最不良加工條件下切削。
	P50	低~中抗拉強度鋼	車削、刨削	低速切削，大進刀量，最不良加工條件下切削。
		有砂孔等之鑄鐵	車削、刨削	低速切削，大進刀量，比P40更不良的加工條件下要求最大韌性之切削。
M	M10	鋼、鑄鋼、鑄鐵	車削	中~高速切削，小~中進刀量，或在較良好的加工條件下切削，對於鋼和鑄鐵兩種材料之切削。
		高錳鋼、奧斯田鐵鋼、特殊鑄鐵	車削	中~高速切削，小~中進刀量，或在較良好的加工條件下切削。
	M20	鋼、鑄鋼、鑄鐵	車削、銑削	中速切削，中進刀量，或在不良加工條件下，對於鋼和鑄鐵兩種材料之切削。
		奧斯田鐵鋼、特殊鑄鐵、高錳鋼	車削、銑削	中速切削，中進刀量，或在較良好的加工條件下切削。
	M30	鋼、鑄鋼、鑄鐵、奧斯田鐵鋼、特殊鑄鐵、耐熱鋼	車削、銑削、切斷	中速切削，中~大進刀量，或對於厚的黑皮材料及有砂孔、焊接部的材料，比M20更不良加工條件下之切削。
	M40	易削鋼、非鐵金屬	車削、切斷	高速切削，中~大進刀量，形狀複雜刀口，在M系列中最需要韌性之加工條件切削。
K	K01	鑄鐵	精密車削、精密搪削、細加工銑削	高速切削，小進刀量，無振動時的良好加工條件條件下切削。
	K10	冷硬鑄鐵、硬質鑄鐵、淬火鋼	車削	極低速切削，小進刀量，無振動時的良好加工條件條件下切削。
		高矽鋁合金、陶器、石棉、硬紙板、石墨		無振動時的良好加工條件條件下切削。
		HB200以上鑄鐵、 可鍛鑄鐵(長切屑)	車削、銑削、搪削、拉削、鉸削	中速切削，小進刀量，在K系列中用途比較廣，或比較無振動的加工條件條件下切削。
		淬火鋼	車削	低速切削，小進刀量或較小振動的加工條件條件下切削。
		矽鋁合金、硬質銅合金、硬質橡膠、玻璃瓷器、塑膠		比較小振動的加工條件條件下切削。
	K20	HB220以下鑄鐵	車削、銑削、刨削、鉸削、鑽削	中速切削，中~大進刀量，在K系列中用於一般的加工，或要求有強大任性的加工條件條件下切削。
		非鐵金屬材料		要求有強大任性的加工條件條件下切削。
	K30	低抗拉強度鋼、低硬度鑄鐵；	車削、銑削、刨削	低速切削，小進刀量，較良好的加工條件下切削。
	K40	低硬度非鐵金屬材料、木材	車削、銑削、刨削	切削比K30更不良的加工條件時之切削。

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參考資訊來源:刀具設計 黃榮文 著

碧威為專業的刀具,銑刀,鎢鋼,切削刀具製造商，致力於製造優秀的產品，在客製化刀具方面的經驗十分豐富，並擅於幫助客戶解決各式各樣之刀具切削面臨之問題，對各種刀具材質切削刀具鍍模都非常瞭解透徹，可選用常見的鎢鋼及高速鋼或是近來詢問度極高的鑽石刀具。

碧威銑刀熱門產品為圓鋸片、鎢鋼刀、鋸片、木工鋸片、鎢鋼刀具及側銑刀。

機械類則有對刀具加工非常有幫助的冷風槍、渦流管槍，並有最新設計和技術的粉末成型機。

碧威是在刀具製造及機械工具業界中具有足夠水準的製造供應商!

Bewise Inc., being a professional manufacturer of various cutting tools, is endeavoring to make excellent products. We are very experienced in custom-made tools, and good at solving customers’ problems when they meet difficulties and troubles. Through everlasting research and practices, we understand thoroughly about different materials of cutters and cutting tools.

BW’s popular products for tool series including circular saw, carbide cutting tool, saw blade, wood saw blade, special tool,side milling cutter, …etc; For machines we have spiral tube cooler, cutter grinder, and the latest design and advanced powder forming machine / pelletizer. Bewise is a superior manufacturer and supplier of cutter production and machinery industry.

 

PCD Inserts

• Product：PCD Insert
• Specification：Custom made according to your request.
• Characteristics：There are hundreds of cutters designed for alloy wheels. Various cutters specialized for different type of wheels are well-designed. Regarding the pin hole problem of c asting which happens in diameter under 1mm, it may be improved by using PCD cutters. We can make special size (custom made) PCD inserts according to changeable types of wheels.PCD is kind of polycrystal material made by carborundum powder with solvent under high temperature and pressure. The hardness (around HV6000) is lower than natural carborundum. Comparing PCD cutter with carbide cutter, its hardness is triple – quadruple higher; wear resistance and tool life is 50 -100 times higher; promoting cutting speed 5 -20 times; roughness may reach Ra0.05μm. PCD cutter brings high cutting efficiency and stable accuracy.

PCD Inserts

Polycrystalline diamond (PCD) complex material is made by mixing fine diamond particles of micron grade, Co, Ni, and other metal powder under high pressure and high temperature, which is a new advanced cutter material sintered on WC substrate. There are many superior benefits of PCD complex, not only high hardness, wear resistance, thermal conductivity, low friction, low thermal expansion, but also with excellent strength and toughness. It has conductivity, so it can be cut by wire electrical discharging machine into required cutting edge. Then we weld the blade on the cutter body and grind it into PCD cutter.

Bewise Inc., being a professional manufacturer of various cutting tools, is endeavoring to make excellent products. We are very experienced in custom-made tools, and good at solving customers’ problems when they meet difficulties and troubles. Through everlasting research and practices, we understand thoroughly about different materials of cutters and cutting tools.

 

BW’s popular products for tool series including circular saw, carbide cutting tool, saw blade, wood saw blade, special tool,side milling cutter, …etc; For machines we have spiral tube cooler, cutter grinder, and the latest design and advanced powder forming machine / pelletizer. Bewise is a superior manufacturer and supplier of cutter production and machinery industry.

 

切屑形狀及其形成介紹

工件受刀具之切削後，內部產生了塑性變形，其塑性流動程度之大小直接影響了切屑的形態。一般切屑的基本形態有：不連續切屑、連續切屑和積屑刀口的連續切屑等3種。

 

Electroplated Diamond tools

This type of CBN cutter is specialized for grinding glass parts. The controller should have pecking function to avoid bad chip removal, which is related to CBN particles since the particle size is in proportion to the roughness of surface. We should say “grinding glass” instead of “cutting glass.”The spindle deflection will influence the grinding accuracy. Grinding is based on the consideration of smoothness, flatness, and parallelism. Press the surface of glass slowly and grind it by using abrasive. It is hard to control the smoothness, flatness, and parallelism under speedy cutting.

Grinding can be divided into coarse and fine grinding (fine grinding can be told as polishing). Coarse grinding is with bigger particles, it may increase the efficiency to get rid of thickness. When it reaches predetermined thickness, use find grinding to polish the surface of light transmittance and clarity. This way can restore the clarity of glass surface and light transmission.

Bewise Inc., being a professional manufacturer of various cutting tools, is endeavoring to make excellent products. We are very experienced in custom-made tools, and good at solving customers’ problems when they meet difficulties and troubles. Through everlasting research and practices, we understand thoroughly about different materials of cutters and cutting tools.

BW’s popular products for tool series including circular saw, carbide cutting tool, saw blade, wood saw blade, special tool,side milling cutter, …etc; For machines we have spiral tube cooler, cutter grinder, and the latest design and advanced powder forming machine / pelletizer. Bewise is a superior manufacturer and supplier of cutter production and machinery industry.

 

常見切削刀具材料

刀具材料性能的優劣是影響加工表面品質 、切削加工效率、刀具壽命的基本因素 。切削加工時，直接擔負切削工作的是刀具的切削部分。刀具切削性能的好壞大 多取決於構成刀具切削部分的材料、切削部分的幾何參數 及刀具結構的選擇和設計是否合理。切削加工生產率和刀具耐用度的高低、刀具消耗和加工成本的多少、加工精度和 表面品質的優劣等等，在很大程度上都取決於刀具材料的合理選擇。

刀具材料應具備的性能:

1. 較高的硬度和耐磨性;
2. 足夠的強度和韌度;
3. 較高的耐熱性;
4. 良好的技術性和經濟性。

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常用的刀具材料:

• 碳素工具鋼:
  含碳量較高的優質鋼(含碳量為0.7%～1.2%，如T10A等)，淬 火後硬度較高、價廉，但耐熱性較差。
• 合金工具鋼刀具材料:
  在碳素工具鋼中加入少量的Cr、W、Mn、Si等元素 ，形成 (如 9SiCr等)，可適當減少熱處理變形和提高耐熱性。常用來製造一些切削速度不高的手工工具，如銼刀、鋸 條、鉸刀等，較少用於製造其它刀具。
• 高速鋼刀具材料:
  它是含W、Cr、V等合金元素較多的合金工具鋼。普通高 速鋼：如W18Cr4V，廣泛地用於製造形狀較為複雜的各種刀具，如麻花鑽、銑刀、拉刀、齒輪刀具和其它成形刀具等。
• 硬質合金刀具材料:
  硬質合金是由難熔金屬碳化物(如WC、TiC、TaC、NbC 等)和金屬粘結劑(如Co、Ni等)粉末經粉末冶金的方法製成。它的硬度高、耐磨性好、耐熱性高，允許的切削速度比高 速鋼高數倍，但其強度和韌度均較高速鋼低，工藝性也不如高速鋼。因此常製成各種型式的刀片，焊接或機械夾固在車 刀、刨刀、端銑刀等的刀柄(刀體)上使用。
• 陶瓷或金屬陶瓷刀具材料:
  Al 2O3基和Si3N4基兩類。以氧化鋁或以氮化 矽為基體再添加少量金屬，在高溫下燒結而成的一種刀具材料。有很高的硬度與耐磨性，常溫硬度達91～95HRC； 有很 高的耐熱性，在1200℃高溫下硬度為80HRC；而且高溫條件下抗彎強度、韌性降低極少； 有很高的化學穩定性，陶瓷與 金屬親和力小，高溫抗氧化性能好，即使在熔化溫度下也不與鋼相互作用。因而刀具的粘結、擴散、氧化磨損較少；有 較低的摩擦係數，切屑不易粘刀，不易產生積屑瘤。
• 超硬(superhard)刀具材料 :
  它包括天然金剛石、聚晶金剛石和聚晶立方 氮化硼3種
  • 天然金剛石：自然界最硬的材料，其硬度範圍在HK8 000～12 000 (HK，Knoop硬度，單位為kgf/mm2)，耐熱性為700～800℃。天然金剛石的耐磨性極好，但價格昂貴，主要用於加工精度 和表面粗糙度要求極高的零件，如加工磁片、鐳射反射鏡、感光鼓、多面鏡等。其主要缺點是與鐵族材料有親和作用， 不宜加工鋼和鑄鐵。
  • 聚晶金剛石(PCD)：碳的同素異形體，在高溫、高壓下由石墨轉化而 成，是目前人工製造出的最堅硬物質。硬度極高，耐磨性好，切削刃口鋒利，刃部表面摩擦係數較小，不易產生粘結或 積屑瘤，可在大部分場合可替代天然金剛石，可製成各種車刀、鏜刀、銑刀等刀片。
  • 立方氮化硼(CBN):立方氮化硼（CBN）是一種人工合成的新型刀具材料，它由六方氮化硼在高溫、高壓下加入催化劑轉化而 成。有很高的硬度及耐磨性，熱穩定性好，化學惰性大，與鐵系金屬在1300℃時不易起化學反應，導熱性好，摩擦係數 低。

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切削刀具材料比較表(點擊另開新視窗觀看PDF資料)

碧威為專業的刀具,銑刀,鎢鋼,切削刀具製造商，致力於製造優秀的產品，在客製化刀具方面的經驗十分豐富，並擅於幫助客戶解決各式各樣之刀具切削面臨之問題，對各種刀具材質切削刀具鍍模都非常瞭解透徹，可選用常見的鎢鋼及高速鋼或是近來詢問度極高的鑽石刀具。

碧威銑刀熱門產品為圓鋸片、鎢鋼刀、鋸片、木工鋸片、鎢鋼刀具及側銑刀。

機械類則有對刀具加工非常有幫助的冷風槍、渦流管槍，並有最新設計和技術的粉末成型機。

碧威是在刀具製造及機械工具業界中具有足夠水準的製造供應商!

 

刀具磨耗與壽命

刀具磨耗在切削時熱和摩擦所產生的物理作用和化學作用的綜合結果。刀具由開始 切削達到刀具壽命依據以前所經過的切削時間稱為刀具壽命，刀具壽命依據一般採用刀具磨損量的某個預定值，也可以把某一現象的出現作為判斷依據，如振動激化、加工表面粗糙度惡化，斷屑不良和崩刃等。達到刀具壽命後，應將刀具重磨、轉位或廢棄。切削過程中刀具的刀頭部位因不斷地受到很大的作用力、高溫和激烈的摩擦作用而磨損，等磨損到某一程度時刀具即無法再勝任原有的切削功能，稱此段堪用的時間稱為刀具總壽命。

生產中 常根據加工條件，按最低生產成本或最高生產率原則，來確定刀具壽命和擬定工時定額。影響刀具壽命因素很多且複雜，

其中可判斷影響主要因素:

1. 刀具材料與工件材料之配合情形
2. 切削速度
3. 切削厚度
4. 切削寬度

切削速度增加，可使工件加工時間縮短，且加工面精度較佳，但刀具的磨耗速率卻會增加，亦即刀具壽命會縮短。刀具壽命和切削速度之間相互制約的經驗公式為

VTⁿ = C

• T:刀具實際使用的切削時間(min)
• V:為切削速度(m/min)
• N: 常數 (刀具材料、工件材料與切削條件有關)
• C:常數 (指刀具壽命為一分鐘時的切削速度)

刀具的磨損包括磨耗和破損

1. 刀具破損通常是突然發生，產生的原因有：

1. 刀具幾何形狀不當
2. 切削負荷過大
3. 顫動或振動的衝擊作用
4. 切削溫度超過其高溫硬度的極限
5. 刀具本身即存在微裂縫的瑕疵等

2.造成刀具磨耗的主要原因有：

1. 熔著
2. 刮除
3. 擴散

常見刀具磨損

1. 凹陷磨耗(Cater wear)
2. 熱變形(Thermal deformation)
3. 熱龜裂(Thermal cracking)
4. 刀鼻磨耗(Nose wear)
5. 深切凹口(Depth of cut notching)

刀具磨損過程

1. 初期磨損：

   此階段磨損因刀具讓面微觀粗糙不瓶，於切削作用下微觀突起先被磨平，隨之讓面被磨出一磨損帶，此後壓力減少，磨損速度趨於穩定。

2. 正常磨損：

   刀具讓面磨損寬度隨切削時間增長而均勻增加，磨損狀況較穩定，此階段為刀具加工之有效期，刀具應在此範圍內使用。

3. 劇烈磨損：

   此階段刀具變鈍，切削力增大，切削溫度上升，刀具很快失去切削能力，刀具磨損達此階段時，刀具材料損耗過大，刀具使用時應盡量避免到此階段。

參考文獻:

。德霖學報「第二十一期」刀具磨耗考量下之數控削參數最佳化研究 藍天雄 著

。機械工業雜誌 291期 刀具破損之探討 馬寧元及李新中 著

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Turbina www.tool-tool.com

Bewise Inc. www.tool-tool.com Reference source from the internet.

Girante di una turbina Pelton per centrali idroelettriche

Una turbina è una macchina motrice idonea a raccogliere l’energia cinetica di un fluido e a trasformarla in energia meccanica.

Teoria e caratteristiche operative [modifica]

La
tipologia più semplice di turbina vede una parte fissa (distributore o
statorica) e una parte mobile (girante o rotorica). Il fluido in
movimento agisce sulla palettatura della parte rotorica, mettendola in
rotazione e quindi cedendo energia al rotore.
I primi esempi di turbina furono i mulini a vento o ad acqua.

Una turbina che lavora in senso inverso viene detta compressore o pompa, a seconda del fluido elaborato (gas per il compressore, liquidi per la pompa).

Quasi tutti i tipi di turbina hanno inoltre una ‘cassa’ (detta anche parte statorica o voluta)
attorno alla parte rotorica che ha il compito di indirizzare e
controllare il flusso. Tale parte può variare molto a seconda delle
applicazioni o delle condizioni del flusso.

L’energia del fluido viene resa disponibile grazie alla rotazione dell’albero della turbina.

Tale energia cinetica è calcolabile con la formula , dove m è la massa di liquido che batte sulla turbina e v
la relativa velocità. Nella formula si inserisce la componente normale
della velocità finale in un punto prossimo alla turbina; la componente
tangenziale (orizzontale) non produce lavoro meccanico né energia.
L’acqua subisce un incremento di velocità nel passaggio lungo la
condotta, che ai fini del calcolo è un piano inclinato che separa il bacino dalla turbina.

La velocità iniziale del liquido in uscita dal bacino superiore è calcolabile con la legge di Torricelli.

La potenza massima ottenibile con una turbina è calcolabile con:

, dove:

• P: potenza (W)
• ρ: densità del fluido (kg/m³)
• V: portata volumetrica (m³/s)
• g: accelerazione di gravità (m/s²)
• H: prevalenza, dislivello fra il bacino superiore e la turbina (metri)

Il lavoro di una turbina è una complicazione del lavoro euleriano di una macchina rotante.

Il
lavoro euleriano è il principio di funzionamento di una macchina
rotante, e deve essere calcolato tenendo conto che quando l’osservatore
e l’oggetto misurato si muovono a velocità diverse, è necessario
comporre le forze in gioco con il triangolo delle forze.

L’osservatore,
al solito, è fermo rispetto al rotore ed è un sistema di riferimento
solidale con la pala (esempio tipico: ossservatore seduto sulla pala).

Oltre alla velocità v
assoluta, che è la velocità del fluido che colpisce sulla pala,
l’osservatore vedrà anche una velocità periferica o di trascinamento , con direzione perpendicolare ad r e proporzionale alla velocità sngolare ω ([giri / minuto]).

L’osservatore in altre parole non vede la velocità assoluta v, ma la composizione w = u + v
e nel moto relativo il lavoro è nullo. Fissando l’origine del sistema
di riferimento (l’osservatore) sulla pala, i due organi si muovono
assieme in modo solidale (alla stessa velocità) e fra i due non c’è
spostamento, e quindi il lavoro è nullo.

La turbina è un sistema aperto che scambia massa ed energia con l’esterno.

Scrivendo
la conservazione dell’energia per i sistemi aperti nel moto relativo
(rispetto all’osservatore), il lavoro è nullo e non è visibile la
velocità assoluta v:

Scrivendo l’equazione della conservazione dell’energia per i sitemi aperti in un riferimento assoluto si ha:

Sottraendo membro a membro si ottiene l’espressione del lavoro euleriano di una macchina rotante:

.

Tipi di turbine [modifica]

• Turbina a vapore
• Turbina a gas
• Turbina idraulica
• Generatore eolico

Principali utilizzi [modifica]

L’utilizzo più frequente di una turbina è legato alla produzione di energia in una centrale elettrica.
Costituisce il componente principale dei motori a getto utilizzati sugli aerei moderni.

BW Bewise Inc. Willy Chen
willy@tool-tool.com bw@tool-tool.com http://www.tool-tool.com
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